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Explore Old Persian cuneiform in both directions.

Find Old Persian cuneiform by English dictionary meaning or scientific transliteration, or read cuneiform with an English gloss. Historical results are limited to documented evidence.

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Scientific characters

Research result

Script, transliteration, and gloss

Attested in Old Persian

𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎠

f-r-m-a-n-a

command

Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for framānā; English gloss: command.

Exact dictionary entry match 3 documented occurrences in the active release Dictionary entry

Translation and review status

Dictionary entry gloss

Curated dictionary entry

Joined reading
Unresolved words: None

command

Confidence
Rule version

Documented attestations in ancient inscriptions

Darius I, Naqsh-e Rostam (DNa)DNa, 57, DNa 57Confidence 100%
Darius I, Naqsh-e Rostam (DNb)DNb, 28, DNb 28Confidence 100%
Xerxes I, Persepolis (XPl)XPl, 32, XPl 32Confidence 100%

Explore Old Persian cuneiform in both directions.

Documented attestations in ancient inscriptions

Sign analysis