Dictionary-led research tool

Explore Old Persian cuneiform in both directions.

Find Old Persian cuneiform by English dictionary meaning or scientific transliteration, or read cuneiform with an English gloss. Historical results are limited to documented evidence.

Word or complete phrase Enter scientific Latin transliteration using characters such as ā, ī, ū, š, θ, and ç. 3 / 200 characters

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Scientific characters

Research result

Script, transliteration, and gloss

Attested in Old Persian

𐎢𐎱𐎠

u-p-a

under

Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for upā; English gloss: under.

Exact dictionary entry match 5 documented occurrences in the active release Dictionary entry

Translation and review status

Dictionary entry gloss

Curated dictionary entry

Joined reading
Unresolved words: None

under

Confidence
Rule version

Documented attestations in ancient inscriptions

Darius I, Bisotun (DB2.)DB2., 18, DB2. 18Confidence 100%
Darius I, Bisotun (DB3.)DB3., 30, DB3. 30Confidence 100%
Artaxerxes II, Susa (A2Sa)A2Sa, 4, A2Sa 4Confidence 100%
Artaxerxes III, Persepolis (A3Pa)A3Pa, 23, A3Pa 23Confidence 100%
Seal attributed to Artaxerxes III (SA3a)SA3a, 1, SA3a 1Confidence 100%

Explore Old Persian cuneiform in both directions.

Documented attestations in ancient inscriptions

Sign analysis